Perhaps the most important rule for such things it the sum of the EXTERIOR angles of a simple polygon. 360º. Every time.
You can think of an external angle like a miniature turtle walking the perimeter. When he hits a corner, through how many degrees must he turn to carry on with the next edge?
Let's stick with regular polygons for a moment.
Triangle
Exterior: 3 angles that total 360º. Each must be 360º/3 = 120º
Interior: We know this is 180º in total, right?
How do we reconcile? Interior = 180º - Exterior
For the regular triangle, 180º - 120º = 60º and 60º*3 = 180º!
Square
Exterior: 4 angles that total 360º. Each must be 360º/4 = 90º
Interior: We know this is 360º in total, right?
How do we reconcile? Interior = 180º - Exterior
For the square, 180º - 90º = 90º and 90º*4 = 360º!
Pentagon:
Exterior: 5 angles that total 360º. Each must be 360º/5 = 72º
Interior: This is what we want to know.
How do we calculate? Interior = 180º - Exterior
For the Pentagon, 180º - 72º = 108º and 108º*5 = 540º!
That's about it, really. Let's see how far that gets us.